Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts

Body Cavities

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1. Pelvic Cavity – contains the rectum, urinary bladder and parts of the urinary system.
2. Abdominal Cavity - contains the peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and major blood vessels.
3. Thoracic cavity - includes the pleural membrane, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart and great vessels.
a. abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity – are major cavities.

Vertebrae and Its Localization Point

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“Vertebrae”                  “Localization Point”

Cervical Region 
    C1                            Mastoid Process
   C5                             Thyroid Cartilage
   C7                             Vertebral Prominens
Thoracic Region 
   T2-3                         Suprasternal Notch
   T4-5                         Sternal Angle
   T7-8                         Inferior Angle of Scapula
   T10                          Xiphoid Process
Lumbar Region 
  T12-L3                     Kidneys
  L1                            Transpyloric Plane
  L3                            Inferior Costal Margin
  L4                            Iliac Crest
Sacral and Coccygeal Region
  S1-2                         ASIS
Coccyx                      Symphysis Pubis and greater trochanter

Topographical Landmarks in the Body

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1. Acanthion - midline junction of the upper lip and auricle nose.
2. Auricle or Pinna - ear or outer ear.
3. External Acoustic Meatus - external opening into the ear cannal.
4. Glabella - smooth triangular area, superior to the bridge of the nose and between the eyebrows.
5. Gonion - lower posterior angle seen on each side of the jaw or mandible.
6. Infraorbital Margin or IOM - inferior rim of the orbital base.
7. Inion - prominent bump midline at the back of the head. It is also known as ”external occipital protuberance”.
8. Inner Canthus - junction of the upper and lower eyelids.
9. Mental point - midpoint of the chin. It is in the center of the flat triangular region.
10. Mentum - a flat triangular region.
11. Nasion - slight depression at the bridge of the nose and it marks the junction of the frontal and nasal lobes.
12. Superciliary ridge - a.k.a superciliary arch. It is the ridge of the bone found over each eye and under each eyebrow.
13. Tragus - small flack of cartilage over the EAM.
14. Vertex - most superior portion of the head.

Body Movements

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1. Flexion - degrees of the angle of the joints by bending. It is the opposite of extension.
2. Extension - increase in the angle of the joint or straightening of the joint. It is the opposite of flexion.
3. Inversion - turning the foot inward at the joints.
4. Eversion - turning the foot outward at the angle joints.
5. Dorsiflexion - flexion between lower leg and the foot so the angle between the structures is less than or equal to 90 degrees.
6. Abduction - movement away from the midline.
7. Adduction - movement toward the midline.
8. Pronation - turning unto one’s stomach or turning the hand, so the palm is down.
9. Supination - turning unto one’s back or turning the hand so the palm is facing forward.
10. Rotation - circular movement around a specified axis.
11. Tilt - moving the body part so the sagittal plane is not parallel to the long axis of the rest of the body or body part

Positioning Terminologies

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• Projection - refers to the direction of the central ray which travels through the body.
• View - is used when discussing a radiographic image. “View’ is the exact opposite term of “projection”.
• Position - refers to the specific body position or act of placing the px in the desired position in relation to the film or cassette or even in the table.
• Oblique - px is rotated between lateral and prone or lateral and supine position. It is always at angled at 45 degrees.
• Decubitus - px is in recumbent position and usually implies the used of horizontal plane.
• AP Projection- central ray passes from the anterior to posterior aspect of the body.
• PA Projection- central ray passes from the posterior to the anterior aspect of the body.
• Left lateral projection- CR passes from one side to another. From head, chest and abdomen it is named to the nearest side of the body.
Example: Mediolateral
• PA oblique and projection - a.k.a RAO position.
• Axial Projection- longitudinal central ray angle of 10 degrees more with the long axis of the body or body part.
• Tangential- CR touches the structure at one point skimming it and producing a profile projection. It is opposite of axial.


Directional or Relationship Terminology
1. Anterior or Ventral - front or forward aspect of the body or body part.
2. Posterior or Dorsal - backward part of the body.
3. Medial or Mesial - towards the median plane or middle part of the body. Example: Spine is medial to the kidney.
4. Lateral - refers to the position away to the median plane or middle part of the body. It is the opposite of medial position.
Ex: kidneys are lateral to the spine.
5. Proximal - parts close to the point of origin or attachment.
Ex: elbow is proximal to the wrist.
6. Distal - parts furthest to the point of origin.
Ex: fingers are distal to the wrist.
7. Cephalad - termed as cephalic, cranial or superior.
- Pertaining to or towards the head.
8. Caudal - termed as inferior.
- Away from the head or towards the tail or feet.

Types of Skull

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Three Types of Skull
1. Brachycephalic - short broad and shallow head, petrous ridges form a 45 degree angle with the MSP.
2. Mesocephalic - average or normal. Its petrous portions lie at 47 degree angle with the MSP.
3. Dolichocephalic - long, narrow and deep head, petrous portions form a 40 degree angle.

Body Habitus

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1. Sthenic - athletic build, average, similar to hypersthenic but modified by elongation of abdomen and thorax.
2. Hypersthenic - body is large and heavy, bony framework is thick, short and wide, lungs and heart are high, transverse stomach and peripheral colon
3. Asthenic - body is slender and light, bony framework is delicate, long narrow thorax, very low long stomach, low medial redundant colon.
4. Hyposthenic - somewhat slighter, less robust, similar to asthenic but stomach, intestines and gallbladder are situated higher in abdomen.
• Sthenic and hyposthenic- more average
• Hypershtenic and asthenic- extreme

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